^ "Patents: Frequently Asked Questions". World Intellectual Property Organization. http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/en/patents_faq.html#protection. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
^ Article 27.1. of the TRIPs Agreement.
^ a b Article 33 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
^ U.S. Patent Activity 1790 to the Present. USPTO. http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h_counts.htm .
^ Charles Anthon, A Classical Dictionary: Containing An Account Of The Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, And Intended To Elucidate All The Important Points Connected With The Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, And Fine Arts Of The Greeks And Romans Together With An Account Of Coins, Weights, And Measures, With Tabular Values Of The Same, Harper & Bros, 1841, p. 1273.
^ Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-89399-2, ISBN 978-0-521-89399-2, p. 11.
^ "United Kingdom Patent Applications". nexis.com. http://w3.nexis.com/sources/scripts/info.pl?278252. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
^ Helmut Schippel (2001) (in German). Die Anfänge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig, in: Uta Lindgren (Hrsg.): Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4. Aufl. Berlin: Wolfgang-Pfaller.de: Patentgesetz von Venedig. pp. 539–550. ISBN 3-7861-1748-9. http://www.wolfgang-pfaller.de/venedig.htm
^ "History of Copyright". UK Intellectual Property Office. 2006. http://www.patent.gov.uk/about-history-copy.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
^ State of Victoria Library: Patent Resources
^ James W. Cortada, "Rise of the knowledge worker, Volume 8 of Resources for the knowledge-based economy", Knowledge Reader Series, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998, p. 141, ISBN 0-7506-7058-4, ISBN 978-0-7506-7058-6.
^ Francoic Velde, Heraldica website, "La Maison Du Roi"
^ MarketsAndPatents.com, Nowotarski, Bakos, "A Short History of Private Patent Examination", Insurance IP Bulletin October 2009
^ Frank D. Prager, "Proposals for the Patent Act of 1790", Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, March 1954, vol XXXVI, No. 3, pp 157 et Seq., citing J. Isore in Revue Historique de Droit Francais, 1937 pp. 117 et Seq.
^ Gabriel Galvez-Behar, La République des inventeurs. Propriété et organisation de l'innovation en France, 1791-1922, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008, ISBN 2-7535-0695-7, ISBN 978-2-7535-0695-4.
^ a b c "A patent is not the grant of a right to make or use or sell. It does not, directly or indirectly, imply any such right. It grants only the right to exclude others. The supposition that a right to make is created by the patent grant is obviously inconsistent with the established distinctions between generic and specific patents, and with the well-known fact that a very considerable portion of the patents granted are in a field covered by a former relatively generic or basic patent, are tributary to such earlier patent, and cannot be practiced unless by license thereunder." - Herman v. Youngstown Car Mfg. Co., 191 F. 579, 584-85, 112 CCA 185 (6th Cir. 1911)
^ DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary (2005). "Patent Litigation across Europe". cecollect.com. http://cecollect.com/ve/ZZf3096aBBft91T940.
^ a b c d e Lemley, Mark A., Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office (February 2001). Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 95, No. 4, 2001. doi:10.2139/ssrn.261400
^ "Assignee (Company) Name". Help Page. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/patog/week39/OG/help/help.htm#Assignee%20(Company)%20Name. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
^ See Section 39 of the UK Patents Act as an example. The laws across Europe vary from country to country but are generally harmonised.
^ Article 28.2 TRIPs: "Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession, the patent and to conclude licensing contracts.".
^ United Kingdom law requiring no explicit authority due to the Supremacy of Parliament.
^ IP Australia website, What does 'patent pending' mean?, Consulted on August 5, 2009.
^ USPTO web site, Patent Marking and "Patent Pending" (Excerpted from General Information Concerning Patents print brochure), Consulted on August 5, 2009.
^ UK Intellectual Property Office web site, Display your rights, (under "IPO Home> Types of IP> Patents> Managing your patents> Using and enforcing") Consulted on August 5, 2009.
^ With the following assumptions: "18 pages (11 pages description, 3 pages claims, 4 pages drawings), 10 claims, patent validated in 6 countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland), excl. in-house preparation costs for the patentee" (the costs relate to European patents granted in 2002/2003), in European Patent Office, The cost of a sample European patent - new estimates, 2005, p. 1.
^ Carry a Big Stick
^ Bessen, James; Meurer, Michael James (2008). Patent failure: how judges, bureaucrats, and lawyers put innovators at risk. p. 132. ISBN 0-691-13491-X. . Based on an American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA) survey of patent lawyers (2005), and court documents for a sample of 89 court cases where one side was ordered to pay the other side's legal fees.The containing chapter ('The Costs of Disputes') also tries to quantify associated business costs.
^ a b c d e Klinkert, Friedrich (April 2012). "The Misappropriation of Trade Secrets in Germany and U.S. Discovery Aid". MIPLC Lecture Series. p. 6. http://www.miplc.de/research/lecture-series/. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
^ a b c Klinkert, Friedrich (April 2012). "The Misappropriation of Trade Secrets in Germany and U.S. Discovery Aid". MIPLC Lecture Series. p. 7. http://www.miplc.de/research/lecture-series/. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
^ a b c d Howard T. Markey (chief judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and later of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), Special Problems in Patent Cases, 66 F.R.D. 529, 1975.
^ The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard produced by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
^ Technological profiles for global companies by analysing their patent portfolios
^ Stim, Rishand, "Profit from Your Idea: How to Make Smart Licensing Decisions", ISBN 1-4133-0450-8 (Published 2006)
^ Thehindubusinessline.com
^ Kim, Linsui (2002). "Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights: Lessons from Korea's Experience". UNCTAD/ICTSD. UNCTAD/ICTSD Working Paper.
^ Kumar, Nagesh (2002). "Intellectual Property Rights, Technology, and Economic Development: Experience of East Asian Countries". RIS Discussion Paper 25.
^ Chang, Ha-Joon. "Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism". Post-Autistic Economics Review. 4 September 2002: Issue 15, Article 3. Retrieved on 8 October 2008.
^ TROLL OR NO TROLL? POLICING PATENT USAGE WITH AN OPEN POST-GRANT REVIEW
^ McDonough III, James F. (January 31, 2006). "The Myth of the Patent Troll". The Myth of the Patent Troll. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=959945&rec=1&srcabs=980776. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
^ a b Banta, D.H. (2001). "Worldwide Interest in Global Access to Drugs". Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (22): 2844–46. doi:10.1001/jama.285.22.2844. PMID 11401589.
^ Ferreira, L. (2002). "Access to Affordable HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational Pharmaceutical Corporations". Fordham Law Review 71 (3): 1133–79. PMID 12523370.
^ Barton, J.H.; Emanuel, E.J. (2005). "The Patents-Based Pharmaceutical Development Process: Rationale, Problems and Potential Reforms". Journal of the American Medical Association 294 (16): 2075–82. doi:10.1001/jama.294.16.2075. PMID 16249422.
^ Schaaber, Jörg (2010/11). "Misguided research". inwent.org. http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/182681/index.en.shtml. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
^ a b c Ghafele, Roya (August 2008). "Perceptions of Intellectual Property: A Review". London: Intellectual Property Institute. http://www.ip-institute.org.uk/pdfs/Perceptions%20of%20IP.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
^ Susan K Sell (2003), Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights, Cambridge, 2003 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge Studies in International Relations: 88); quoted from page 179, see also page 5.
^ Bessen, James, 2008. "The value of U.S. patents by owner and patent characteristics," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(5), pages 932-945, June.
^ Bessen, James, 2008. "The value of U.S. patents by owner and patent characteristics," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(5), pages 932-945, June.
^ Stiglitz, Joseph. Project Syndicate, 2007. project-syndicate.org
^ Baker, Dean. "The Reform of Intellectual Property". post-autistic economics review, issue no. 32, 5 July 2005, article 1, Paecon.net
